> ## Documentation Index > Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://runway-docs.cfo.ai/llms.txt > Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further. # Functions and operators > Reference the functions, operators, and special values available in Runway formulas. Use functions and operators when a formula needs math, aggregation, date logic, comparisons, or conditional behavior. For formula reference syntax, start with [formula basics](/concepts/formulas/formulas-basics) and [formula syntax](/concepts/formulas/formulas-syntax). ## Operators | Operator | Usage | Description | Things to keep in mind | | ----------- | ----------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | `+` | `value1 + value2` | Adds two values. | | | `-` | `value1 - value2` | Subtracts the second value from the first. | | | `*` | `value1 * value2` | Multiplies two values. | | | `/` | `value1 / value2` | Divides the first value by the second. | | | `%` | `value1 % value2` | Returns the remainder when `value1` is divided by `value2`. | | | `^` | `base ^ exponent` | Raises `base` to `exponent`. | | | `==` | `value1 == value2` | Checks whether two values are equal. | Date comparisons work. For example, `if(thisMonth() == '2025-01-01', 1, 0)` returns 1 in January 2025. | | `!=` | `value1 != value2` | Checks whether two values are not equal. | Date comparisons work. For example, `if(thisMonth() != '2025-01-01', 1, 0)` returns 1 outside January 2025. | | `>` | `value1 > value2` | Checks whether the first value is greater than the second. | Date comparisons work. For example, `if(thisMonth() > '2025-01-01', 1, 0)` returns 1 after January 2025. | | `<` | `value1 < value2` | Checks whether the first value is less than the second. | Date comparisons work. For example, `if(thisMonth() < '2025-01-01', 1, 0)` returns 1 before January 2025. | | `>=` | `value1 >= value2` | Checks whether the first value is greater than or equal to the second. | Date comparisons work. For example, `if(thisMonth() >= '2025-01-01', 1, 0)` returns 1 in or after January 2025. | | `<=` | `value1 <= value2` | Checks whether the first value is less than or equal to the second. | Date comparisons work. For example, `if(thisMonth() <= '2025-01-01', 1, 0)` returns 1 in or before January 2025. | | `(` and `)` | `(condition1 AND condition2)` | Groups calculations or logical expressions. | | ## Aggregation | Function | Signature | Description | Example | Things to keep in mind | | -------------- | ------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | `sum()` | `sum(reference)` | Returns the sum of a database field or dimensional driver reference. | `sum(Employees.Salary)` | | | `sumProduct()` | `sumProduct(reference1, reference2)` | Calculates the sum of the products of corresponding entries in two database field or dimensional driver reference. | `sumProduct(Deals.Quantity, Deals.UnitPrice)` | Both references must have the same number of entries and corresponding dimensional segments. | | `count()` | `count(reference)` | Returns the number of values in a database field or dimensional driver reference. | `count(Employees.Name)` | | | `avg()` | `avg(reference)` | Returns the numerical average value in a database field or dimensional driver reference. | `avg(Employees.Salary)` | | | `min()` | `min(reference...)` | Returns the numerical minimum value in a list of values. | `min(Deals.ContractValue)` | | | `max()` | `max(reference...)` | Returns the numerical maximum value in a list of values. | `max(Deals.ContractValue)` | | | `first()` | `first(reference...)` | Returns the first value in a list of values. | `first(HeadcountByDepartment)` | | | `firstValue()` | `firstValue(reference...)` | Returns the first non-null value in a list of values. | `firstValue(RevenueByRegion)` | | | `last()` | `last(reference...)` | Returns the last value in a list of values. | `last(RevenueByRegion)` | | | `lastValue()` | `lastValue(reference...)` | Returns the last non-null value in a list of values. | `lastValue(RevenueByRegion)` | | | `single()` | `single(reference...)` | Checks to see if its list of references returns a single value. Returns the value if true, otherwise returns an ASSERTION error. | `single(Employees.Department)` | | ## Math & rounding | Function | Signature | Description | Example | Things to keep in mind | | ------------- | ---------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | `round()` | `round(value, [places])` | Rounds a number to a certain number of decimal places according to standard rules. Maximum precision is 5 decimal places. | | Coarser rounding than the ones place is not supported; do not use negative values for `[places]`. | | `roundDown()` | `roundDown(value, [places])` | Rounds down a number to a specified number of decimal places. If places is omitted, rounds down to the nearest integer. Maximum precision is 5 decimal places. | | | | `roundUp()` | `roundUp(value, [places])` | Rounds up a number to a specified number of decimal places. If places is omitted, rounds up to the nearest integer. Maximum precision is 5 decimal places. | | `-roundDown(-value)` produces the same round-up behavior and can help when reading older formulas. | | `floor()` | `floor(value, [factor])` | Rounds down a number to the nearest multiple of a factor. If factor is omitted, rounds down to the nearest integer. | | | | `ceiling()` | `ceiling(value, [factor])` | Rounds up a number to the nearest multiple of a factor. If factor is omitted, rounds up to the nearest integer. | | | | `power()` | `power(base, exponent)` | Returns the value of base raised to the power of exponent. Aliases: pow(base, exponent); base^exponent. | | | | `exp()` | `exp(value)` | Returns the value of e raised to the power of value. | | | | `log()` | `log(argument, [base])` | Returns the logarithm of argument with a given base. If base is not provided, it defaults to 10. | | | | `ln()` | `ln(argument)` | Returns the natural logarithm of argument. | | | ## Date calculation | Function | Signature | Description | Example | Things to keep in mind | | --------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | `dateDiff()` | `dateDiff(start_date, end_date, unit)` | Returns the number of whole "units" between the start\_date and end\_date. Valid units are "d", "m", "w", "q", "y" (days, months, weeks, quarters, years). | | If the result is negative, consider flipping `start_date` and `end_date`. | | `dateAdd()` | `dateAdd(date, quantity, unit)` | Returns the sum of the date plus the quantity in units. Valid units are "d", "m", "w", "q", "y" (days, months, weeks, quarters, years). | | This returns a date. Use a Date driver when the formula result should be a date. | | `dateSub()` | `dateSub(date, quantity, unit)` | Returns the sum of the date minus the quantity in units. Valid units are "d", "m", "w", "q", "y" (days, months, weeks, quarters, years). | | This returns a date. Use a Date driver when the formula result should be a date. | | `netWorkDays()` | `netWorkDays(start_date, end_date, [weekends], [holidays])` | Returns the number of net work days between start\_date (inclusive) and end\_date (exclusive) excluding holidays and weekends. The optional weekend parameter expects a string of 7 characters, each representing a day of the week. 1 means the day is a weekend, 0 means it is a work day. The first character represents Monday (default is '0000011'). The holiday optional parameter allows you to specify a list of holidays as a string of comma separated dates in the format YYYY-MM-DD (default is empty). | | | ## Date access | Function | Signature | Description | Example | Things to keep in mind | | ---------------- | ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------- | ---------------------- | | `startOfMonth()` | `startOfMonth(date_expression)` | Returns the first day of the month for the date expression. | | | | `endOfMonth()` | `endOfMonth(date_expression)` | Returns the last day of the month for the date expression. | | | | `thisMonth()` | `thisMonth()` | Returns the first day of the month being evaluated. | | | | `lastMonth()` | `lastMonth()` | Returns the first day of the previous month being evaluated. | | | | `thisQuarter()` | `thisQuarter()` | Returns the first day of the quarter being evaluated. | | | | `lastQuarter()` | `lastQuarter()` | Returns the first day of the previous quarter being evaluated. | | | | `thisYear()` | `thisYear()` | Returns the first day of the year being evaluated. | | | | `lastYear()` | `lastYear()` | Returns the first day of the previous year being evaluated. | | | | `daysInMonth()` | `daysInMonth()` | Returns the number of days in the month being evaluated. | | | | `year()` | `year(date_expression)` | Returns the year of the date expression. Example: year('2025-01-01') returns 2025. | | | | `quarter()` | `quarter(date_expression)` | Returns the quarter of the date expression. Example: quarter('2025-04-24') returns 2. | | | | `month()` | `month(date_expression)` | Returns the month of the date expression. Example: month('2025-03-01') returns 3. | | | | `weeknum()` | `weeknum(date_expression)` | Returns the number of weeks from the start of the year of the date expression. Example: weeknum('2025-03-01') returns 9. | | | | `day()` | `day(date_expression)` | Returns the day of the month of the date expression. | | | ## Logic & error handling | Function | Signature | Description | Example | Things to keep in mind | | ------------ | ------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | `if()` | `IF(logical_expression, value_if_true, value_if_false)` | Returns one value if a logical expression is TRUE and another if it is FALSE. | | The condition must be a logical expression, such as `1 == 1`. Values can be nested formula expressions. | | `ifError()` | `ifError(value, value_if_error)` | Returns value if it does not evaluate to an error and value\_if\_error otherwise. The following error types are handled: NULL, DIV/0 | | This does not suppress circular-reference (`CIRC`) errors. | | `coalesce()` | `coalesce(val1, val2, ..., val_n)` | Returns the first non-null value. | | Filtered pills that return zero results are treated as null. This is useful for switch-style logic. | | `and()` | `and(expression1, expression2, ...)` | Returns true if all expressions are true/non-null/non-zero, otherwise returns false. | | Use parentheses to make nested logic easier to read. | | `or()` | `or(expression1, expression2, ...)` | Returns true if any expression is true/non-null/non-zero, otherwise returns false. | | Use parentheses to make nested logic easier to read. | ## Time-unit conversion No public time-unit conversion functions are exposed in the formula autocomplete registry. ## Special keywords | Item | Where it appears | Description | Things to keep in mind | | ------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | `NULL` | Values section | Represents the NULL value. | | | `this.` / This Segment | This Segment and This Database autocomplete sections | References the current segment or database row context when matching dimensions and database fields. | Use this for formulas that should adapt across segments instead of hardcoding each filter. | | `lastClose()` | Function autocomplete | Returns the last closed month. | Use it when a formula should anchor to the last closed month rather than the month currently being evaluated. | | Relative date references | Date filters on formula references | Includes This month, Last month, Last close, One year ago, Quarter-to-date, Year-to-date, and rolling actuals ranges. | References with multi-month ranges usually need an aggregation function such as `sum()`, `avg()`, or `max()`. | ## What's next * [Formula basics](/concepts/formulas/formulas-basics) * [Formula syntax](/concepts/formulas/formulas-syntax) * [Formulas in databases](/concepts/databases/formulas-in-databases)